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Plant Symptoms

Major Symptoms & Possible Causes

Sometimes the cause of a garden problem is easy to identify. Fan‑shaped mounds of soil littering a lawn are obviously the work of a pocket gopher; slime trials leading to plants with large, ragged holes in the leaves can only mean slugs or snails.

A bigger challenge is deducing the source of trouble when many explanations are possible. Leaf yellowing and wilting, for example, may be due to insects, nematodes, diseases, or improper watering. If you can’t find clear evidence of a pest, the best course is to assume that growing conditions are at fault, then to focus on improving them. If you're convinced a pest or disease is the villain, check the rogues’ gallery for a likely candidate— but be sure all the evidence fits before placing blame.

For help in solving problems you can’t identify on your own, consult your Cooperative Extension office or a reputable local nursery.

Symptoms	Possible Causes	Notes
Leaf yellowing	Spider mites Insects Nematodes Root rot diseases Viral diseases Over watering Nutrient deficiencies Soil chemistry Old age	Usually pinpoint yellowing Especially bark borers Wilting also occurs Older leaves affected first Older leaves affect first
Leaf mottling	Viral diseases Pesticide damage Natural on some plants	Genetic variegation
Leaf spots	DiseasesInsects Spider mites Air pollution Pesticide damage Nutrient deficiencies Soil chemistry
Leaf malformations	Sucking pests Viral diseases Peach leaf curl Lack of water Nutrient deficiencies Pesticide damage	On peaches and nectarines Especially from certain weed killers
Holes in leaves	Chewing pests Birds
Leaf drop	Diseases Bark borers Improper watering Improper light Air pollution Nitrogen deficiency Soil chemistry Natural on some plants	Deciduous plants
Cankers(sunken lesions)	DiseasesInsects Root stress Sunburn Mechanical wounds	Especially borers From lawn mowers, pruner, and other equipment
Branch dieback	Diseases Insects Nematodes Root stress Soil chemistry	Especially vascular diseases such as firelight and verticillium wilt Severe infestation by root or foliar pests or twig girdlers
Root rot	Diseases Over watering Root stress Soil chemistry	Usually fungal
Discolored tissue inside roots and stem	Wilt diseases Fertilizer damage
Root malformations	Nematodes Diseases Girdled roots Natural on some plants	Crown gall, for example Formed in container Nitrogen-fixing nodules on legumes
Poor germination	Old Seeds Uneven irrigation Incorrect planting depth Damping-off disease Soil crusting Insects Birds	Root maggots, wireworms
Wilting	Lack of water Insects Nematodes Diseases	Especially borers and root feeders Root rots and wilt diseases

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